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EsgggMh+in+ j" "jR"k Y$kR&,k](Lk )n`)o(*V!*of*ol*o r*oW y+o+o(+c yc  x +  D   +] ~  )19AIQYaiqy 9 I0Q4Q:>FQ LYQVac giZ lm giQ VurWq]]i iyxi ii iiii|  ii'i Jib  i% i2 i it y  #o:: :5( i1 ie, @ 3 9z:z: =::R (BGm cii MT1i [9ibib (c nQVQVQ!sQ!xQ ~Ah Yh(Q  ih aa !Ay). ...#.+.3.;.C.K+.S.[.cC.km.szI&{'Z^i~ } #$%&H# %\@'N) :o y5  pu textLabel1label1textBox1Microsoft.Win32Int32textLabel2label2label3Int64label4label5SizeFDisplay_TXTget_Xget_Ymscorlibadd_LoadScreenSaverForm_LoadSettingsForm_LoadAddget_RedtextBox1_TextChangedadd_TextChangedSynchronizedhWndChildhWndrandAppendIsWhiteSpacedefaultInstanceHideExtraStudyGuideset_AutoScaleModepreviewModeIDisposableget_HandlePreviewWndHandleRuntimeTypeHandleGetTypeFromHandleRectangleset_FormBorderStyleFontStyleset_NameBreakLineget_NewLineTypeget_Cultureset_CultureresourceCultureButtonBaseApplicationSettingsBaseTextBoxBaseCloseDisposeTryParseEditorBrowsableStateSTAThreadAttributeCompilerGeneratedAttributeGuidAttributeGeneratedCodeAttributeDebuggerNonUserCodeAttributeDebuggableAttributeEditorBrowsableAttributeComVisibleAttributeAssemblyTitleAttributeAssemblyTrademarkAttributeTargetFrameworkAttributeAssemblyFileVersionAttributeAssemblyConfigurationAttributeAssemblyDescriptionAttributeCompilationRelaxationsAttributeAssemblyProductAttributeAssemblyCopyrightAttributeAssemblyCompanyAttributeRuntimeCompatibilityAttributeget_BlueGetValueSetValuevalueadd_MouseMoveScreenSaverForm_MouseMoveExtraStudyGuide.exeget_Sizeset_Sizeset_AutoSizeset_ClientSizeIndexOfPaddingSystem.Runtime.VersioningToStringSubstringdisposingSystem.DrawingdwNewLongGetWindowLongSetWindowLongMathget_Widthwidthget_Lengthset_MaxLengthget_Blackadd_Ticklabel3_Clicklabel5_Clickadd_ClickokButton_ClickcancelButton_Clickadd_MouseClickScreenSaverForm_MouseClickset_IntervaltextLabelSystem.ComponentModeluser32.dllQuestionpoolContainerControlProgramSystemTrimRandomrandomScreenSaverFormSettingsFormresourceManget_PrimaryScreenwwlenMainset_MarginMessageBoxIconApplicationget_Locationset_LocationmouseLocationset_CausesValidationSystem.ConfigurationSystem.GlobalizationSystem.ReflectionControlCollectionset_StartPositionFormStartPositionCurrQuestionokButtoncancelButtonRunCultureInfoWordWrapWordwrapset_TopCharStringBuildersenderget_ResourceManagerMouseEventHandlerKeyPressEventHandlerSystem.CodeDom.CompilerQuestionTimerIContainerCurrentUserShowScreenSaverToLowerset_ForeColorset_BackColorset_UseVisualStyleBackColorCursor.ctor.cctorIntPtrAbsSystem.Diagnosticsget_Boundsset_BoundsSystem.Runtime.InteropServicesSystem.Runtime.CompilerServicesSystem.ResourcesScreenSaver.ScreenSaverForm.resourcesScreenSaver.SettingsForm.resourcesScreenSaver.Properties.Resources.resourcesDebuggingModesScreenSaver.PropertiesEnableVisualStylesLoadSettingsSaveSettingsMouseEventArgsKeyPressEventArgsargsget_ControlsSystem.Windows.Formsget_AllScreensset_AutoScaleDimensionsQuestionsMessageBoxButtonsposget_CharsAnswersadd_KeyPressScreenSaverForm_KeyPresscomponentsConcatlpRectGetClientRectObjectset_Leftget_HeightGraphicsUnitExitget_DefaultSetCompatibleTextRenderingDefaultset_DialogResultEnvironmentInitializeComponentSetParenthWndNewParentPointset_FontQuestionCountStartset_TopMostSuspendLayoutset_BackgroundImageLayoutResumeLayoutPerformLayoutNextSystem.Textget_Textset_TexttextShowget_Yellowmaxset_TabIndexnIndexMessageBoxset_MaximizeBoxTextBoxCreateSubKeyOpenSubKeyRegistryKeyget_AssemblyRegistryop_Equalityget_IsEmptyWhen using a transceiver that displays the carrier frequency of phone signals, which of the following displayed frequencies represents the highest frequency at which a properly adjusted USB emission will be totally within the band?When using a transceiver that displays the carrier frequency of phone signals, which of the following displayed frequencies represents the lowest frequency at which a properly adjusted LSB emission will be totally within the band?With your transceiver displaying the carrier frequency of phone signals, you hear a station calling CQ on 14.349 MHz USB. Is it legal to return the call using upper sideband on the same frequency?With your transceiver displaying the carrier frequency of phone signals, you hear a DX station calling CQ on 3.601 MHz LSB. Is it legal to return the call using lower sideband on the same frequency?What is the maximum power output permitted on the 60 meter band?Where must the carrier frequency of a CW signal be set to comply with FCC rules for 60 meter operation?Which amateur band requires transmission on specific channels rather than on a range of frequencies?KIf a station in a message forwarding system inadvertently forwards a message that is in violation of FCC rules, who is primarily accountable for the rules violation?'What is the first action you should take if your digital message forwarding station inadvertently forwards a communication that violates FCC rules?If an amateur station is installed aboard a ship or aircraft, what condition must be met before the station is operated??Which of the following describes authorization or licensing required when operating an amateur station aboard a U.S.-registered vessel in international waters?[With your transceiver displaying the carrier frequency of CW signals, you hear a DX station's CQ on 3.500 MHz. Is it legal to return the call using CW on the same frequency?AWho must be in physical control of the station apparatus of an amateur station aboard any vessel or craft that is documented or registered in the United States?What is the maximum bandwidth for a data emission on 60 meters?oWhich of the following constitutes a spurious emission?Which of the following factors might cause the physical location of an amateur station apparatus or antenna structure to be restricted?Within what distance must an amateur station protect an FCC monitoring facility from harmful interference?uWhat must be done before placing an amateur station within an officially designated wilderness area or wildlife preserve, or an area listed in the National Register of Historical Places?MWhat is the National Radio Quiet Zone?Which of the following additional rules apply if you are installing an amateur station antenna at a site at or near a public use airport?What is the highest modulation index permitted at the highest modulation frequency for angle modulation below 29.0 MHz?What limitations may the FCC place on an amateur station if its signal causes interference to domestic broadcast reception, assuming that the receivers involved are of good engineering design?sWhich amateur stations may be operated under RACES rules?What frequencies are authorized to an amateur station operating under RACES rules?What is the permitted mean power of any spurious emission relative to the mean power of the fundamental emission from a station transmitter or external RF amplifier installed after January 1, 2003 and transmitting on a frequency below 30 MHZ?MWhat is a remotely controlled station?aWhat is meant by automatic control of a station?How do the control operator responsibilities of a station under automatic control differ from one under local control?-What is meant by IARP?When may an automatically controlled station originate third party communications?Which of the following statements concerning remotely controlled amateur stations is true??What is meant by local control?What is the maximum permissible duration of a remotely controlled stations transmissions if its control link malfunctions?Which of these ranges of frequencies is available for an automatically controlled repeater operating below 30 MHz?What types of amateur stations may automatically retransmit the radio signals of other amateur stations?Which of the following operating arrangements allows an FCC-licensed U.S. citizen to operate in many European countries, and alien amateurs from many European countries to operate in the U.S.?What types of communications may be transmitted to amateur stations in foreign countries?Which of the following is required in order to operate in accordance with CEPT rules in foreign countries where permitted?[What is the definition of the term telemetry?MWhat is the amateur satellite service?What is a telecommand station in the amateur satellite service?uWhat is an Earth station in the amateur satellite service?What class of licensee is authorized to be the control operator of a space station?wWhich of the following is a requirement of a space station?Which amateur service HF bands have frequencies authorized for space stations?Which VHF amateur service bands have frequencies available for space stations?Which UHF amateur service bands have frequencies available for a space station?Which amateur stations are eligible to be telecommand stations?Which amateur stations are eligible to operate as Earth stations?What is the minimum number of qualified VEs required to administer an Element 4 amateur operator license examination?Where are the questions for all written U.S. amateur license examinations listed?SWhat is a Volunteer Examiner Coordinator?Which of the following best describes the Volunteer Examiner accreditation process?What is the minimum passing score on amateur operator license examinations?Who is responsible for the proper conduct and necessary supervision during an amateur operator license examination session?What should a VE do if a candidate fails to comply with the examiners instructions during an amateur operator license examination?To which of the following examinees may a VE not administer an examination?What may be the penalty for a VE who fraudulently administers or certifies an examination?What must the administering VEs do after the administration of a successful examination for an amateur operator license?What must the VE team do if an examinee scores a passing grade on all examination elements needed for an upgrade or new license?What must the VE team do with the application form if the examinee does not pass the exam?Which of these choices is an acceptable method for monitoring the applicants if a VEC opts to conduct an exam session remotely?For which types of out-of-pocket expenses do the Part 97 rules state that VEs and VECs may be reimbursed?On what frequencies are spread spectrum transmissions permitted?What privileges are authorized in the U.S. to persons holding an amateur service license granted by the Government of Canada?5Under what circumstances may a dealer sell an external RF power amplifier capable of operation below 144 MHz if it has not been granted FCC certification?Which of the following geographic descriptions approximately describes line A?'Amateur stations may not transmit in which of the following frequency segments if they are located in the contiguous 48 states and north of Line A?Under what circumstances might the FCC issue a Special Temporary Authority (STA) to an amateur station?sWhen may an amateur station send a message to a business?Which of the following types of amateur station communications are prohibited?Which of the following conditions apply when transmitting spread spectrum emission?What is the maximum permitted transmitter peak envelope power for an amateur station transmitting spread spectrum communications?GWhich of the following best describes one of the standards that must be met by an external RF power amplifier if it is to qualify for a grant of FCC certification?qWho may be the control operator of an auxiliary station?What is the direction of an ascending pass for an amateur satellite?What is the direction of a descending pass for an amateur satellite?cWhat is the orbital period of an Earth satellite?What is meant by the term mode as applied to an amateur radio satellite?{What do the letters in a satellite's mode designator specify?On what band would a satellite receive signals if it were operating in mode U/V?Which of the following types of signals can be relayed through a linear transponder?Why should effective radiated power to a satellite which uses a linear transponder be limited?What do the terms L band and S band specify with regard to satellite communications?Why may the received signal from an amateur satellite exhibit a rapidly repeating fading effect?What type of antenna can be used to minimize the effects of spin modulation and Faraday rotation?What is one way to predict the location of a satellite at a given time?What type of satellite appears to stay in one position in the sky?What technology is used to track, in real time, balloons carrying amateur radio transmitters?How many times per second is a new frame transmitted in a fast-scan (NTSC) television system?How many horizontal lines make up a fast-scan (NTSC) television frame?GWhat is blanking in a video signal?Which of the following is an advantage of using vestigial sideband for standard fast- scan TV transmissions?MWhat is vestigial sideband modulation?What is the name of the signal component that carries color information in NTSC video?Which of the following is a common method of transmitting accompanying audio with amateur fast-scan television?What hardware, other than a receiver with SSB capability and a suitable computer, is needed to decode SSTV using Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM)?5Which of the following is an acceptable bandwidth for Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) based voice or SSTV digital transmissions made on the HF amateur bands?What is the function of the Vertical Interval Signaling (VIS) code sent as part of an SSTV transmission?How are analog SSTV images typically transmitted on the HF bands?How many lines are commonly used in each frame of an amateur slow-scan color television picture?What aspect of an amateur slow-scan television signal encodes the brightness of the picture?What signals SSTV receiving equipment to begin a new picture line?Which is a video standard used by North American Fast Scan ATV stations?wWhat is the approximate bandwidth of a slow-scan TV signal?On which of the following frequencies is one likely to find FM ATV transmissions?What special operating frequency restrictions are imposed on slow scan TV transmissions?oWhich of the following is true about contest operating?Which of the following best describes the term self-spotting in regards to HF contest operating?From which of the following bands is amateur radio contesting generally excluded?What type of transmission is most often used for a ham radio mesh network?SWhat is the function of a DX QSL Manager?During a VHF/UHF contest, in which band segment would you expect to find the highest level of activity?9What is the Cabrillo format?Which of the following contacts may be confirmed through the U.S. QSL bureau system?What type of equipment is commonly used to implement a ham radio mesh network?Why might a DX station state that they are listening on another frequency?How should you generally identify your station when attempting to contact a DX station during a contest or in a pileup?What might help to restore contact when DX signals become too weak to copy across an entire HF band a few hours after sunset?5What indicator is required to be used by U.S.-licensed operators when operating a station via remote control where the transmitter is located in the U.S.?Which of the following digital modes is especially designed for use for meteor scatter signals?Which of the following is a good technique for making meteor scatter contacts?Which of the following digital modes is especially useful for EME communications?What is the purpose of digital store-and-forward functions on an Amateur Radio satellite?Which of the following techniques is normally used by low Earth orbiting digital satellites to relay messages around the world?Which of the following describes a method of establishing EME contacts?MWhat digital protocol is used by APRS?What type of packet frame is used to transmit APRS beacon data?Which of these digital modes has the fastest data throughput under clear communication conditions? How can an APRS station be used to help support a public service communications activity?Which of the following data are used by the APRS network to communicate your location?SHow does JT65 improve EME communications?eWhat type of modulation is used for JT65 contacts?WWhat is one advantage of using JT65 coding?Which type of modulation is common for data emissions below 30 MHz?What do the letters FEC mean as they relate to digital operation?[How is the timing of JT65 contacts organized?What is indicated when one of the ellipses in an FSK crossed-ellipse display suddenly disappears?Which type of digital mode does not support keyboard-to-keyboard operation?kWhat is the most common data rate used for HF packet?What is the typical bandwidth of a properly modulated MFSK16 signal?Which of the following HF digital modes can be used to transfer binary files?Which of the following HF digital modes uses variable-length coding for bandwidth efficiency?sWhich of these digital modes has the narrowest bandwidth?qWhat is the difference between direct FSK and audio FSK?Which type of control is used by stations using the Automatic Link Enable (ALE) protocol?Which of the following is a possible reason that attempts to initiate contact with a digital station on a clear frequency are unsuccessful? What is the approximate maximum separation measured along the surface of the Earth between two stations communicating by Moon bounce?kWhat characterizes libration fading of an EME signal?When scheduling EME contacts, which of these conditions will generally result in the least path loss?;What do Hepburn maps predict?Tropospheric propagation of microwave signals often occurs along what weather related structure?Which of the following is required for microwave propagation via rain scatter?Atmospheric ducts capable of propagating microwave signals often form over what geographic feature?When a meteor strikes the Earth's atmosphere, a cylindrical region of free electrons is formed at what layer of the ionosphere?Which of the following frequency range is most suited for meteor scatter communications?Which type of atmospheric structure can create a path for microwave propagation?What is a typical range for tropospheric propagation of microwave signals?MWhat is the cause of auroral activity?gWhich emission mode is best for aurora propagation?From the contiguous 48 states, in which approximate direction should an antenna be pointed to take maximum advantage of aurora propagation?AWhat is an electromagnetic wave?Which of the following best describes electromagnetic waves traveling in free space?yWhat is meant by circularly polarized electromagnetic waves?IWhat is transequatorial propagation?What is the approximate maximum range for signals using transequatorial propagation?{What is the best time of day for transequatorial propagation?yWhat is meant by the terms extraordinary and ordinary waves?yWhich amateur bands typically support long-path propagation?Which of the following amateur bands most frequently provides long-path propagation?Which of the following could account for hearing an echo on the received signal of a distant station?What type of HF propagation is probably occurring if radio signals travel along the terminator between daylight and darkness?At what time of year is Sporadic E propagation most likely to occur?WWhat is the cause of gray-line propagation?At what time of day is Sporadic-E propagation most likely to occur?}What is the primary characteristic of chordal hop propagation?SWhy is chordal hop propagation desirable?What happens to linearly polarized radio waves that split into ordinary and extraordinary waves in the ionosphere?What does the term ray tracing describe in regard to radio communications?WWhat is indicated by a rising A or K index?Which of the following signal paths is most likely to experience high levels of absorption when the A index or K index is elevated?]What does the value of Bz (B sub Z) represent?What orientation of Bz (B sub z) increases the likelihood that incoming particles from the Sun will cause disturbed conditions?By how much does the VHF/UHF radio horizon distance exceed the geometric horizon?Which of the following descriptors indicates the greatest solar flare intensity?SWhat does the space weather term G5 mean?How does the intensity of an X3 flare compare to that of an X2 flare?WWhat does the 304A solar parameter measure?AWhat does VOACAP software model?How does the maximum distance of ground-wave propagation change when the signal frequency is increased?}What type of polarization is best for ground-wave propagation?Why does the radio-path horizon distance exceed the geometric horizon?yWhat might a sudden rise in radio background noise indicate?Which of the following parameter determines the bandwidth of a digital or computer-based oscilloscope?Which of the following parameters would a spectrum analyzer display on the vertical and horizontal axes?Which of the following test instrument is used to display spurious signals and/or intermodulation distortion products in an SSB transmitter?What determines the upper frequency limit for a computer soundcard-based oscilloscope program?What might be an advantage of a digital vs an analog oscilloscope?What is the effect of aliasing in a digital or computer-based oscilloscope?Which of the following is an advantage of using an antenna analyzer compared to an SWR bridge to measure antenna SWR?Which of the following instrument would be best for measuring the SWR of a beam antenna?When using a computers soundcard input to digitize signals, what is the highest frequency signal that can be digitized without aliasing?Which of the following displays multiple digital signal states simultaneously?Which of the following is good practice when using an oscilloscope probe?Which of the following procedures is an important precaution to follow when connecting a spectrum analyzer to a transmitter output?How is the compensation of an oscilloscope probe typically adjusted?What is the purpose of the prescaler function on a frequency counter?What is an advantage of a period-measuring frequency counter over a direct-count type?Which of the following factors most affects the accuracy of a frequency counter?What is an advantage of using a bridge circuit to measure impedance?SIf a frequency counter with a specified accuracy of +/- 1.0 ppm reads 146,520,000 Hz, what is the most the actual frequency being measured could differ from the reading?SIf a frequency counter with a specified accuracy of +/- 0.1 ppm reads 146,520,000 Hz, what is the most the actual frequency being measured could differ from the reading?QIf a frequency counter with a specified accuracy of +/- 10 ppm reads 146,520,000 Hz, what is the most the actual frequency being measured could differ from the reading?}How much power is being absorbed by the load when a directional power meter connected between a transmitter and a terminating load reads 100 watts forward power and 25 watts reflected power?cWhat do the subscripts of S parameters represent?Which of the following is a characteristic of a good DC voltmeter?UWhat is indicated if the current reading on an RF ammeter placed in series with the antenna feed line of a transmitter increases as the transmitter is tuned to resonance?Which of the following describes a method to measure intermodulation distortion in an SSB transmitter?How should an antenna analyzer be connected when measuring antenna resonance and feed point impedance?What is the significance of voltmeter sensitivity expressed in ohms per volt?aWhich S parameter is equivalent to forward gain?What happens if a dip meter is too tightly coupled to a tuned circuit being checked?Which of the following can be used as a relative measurement of the Q for a series-tuned circuit?aWhich S parameter represents return loss or SWR?What three test loads are used to calibrate a standard RF vector network analyzer?What is an effect of excessive phase noise in the local oscillator section of a receiver?Which of the following portions of a receiver can be effective in eliminating image signal interference?What is the term for the blocking of one FM phone signal by another, stronger FM phone signal?]How is the noise figure of a receiver defined?What does a value of -174 dBm/Hz represent with regard to the noise floor of a receiver?A CW receiver with the AGC off has an equivalent input noise power density of -174 dBm/Hz. What would be the level of an unmodulated carrier input to this receiver that would yield an audio output SNR of 0 dB in a 400 Hz noise bandwidth?UWhat does the MDS of a receiver represent?An SDR receiver is overloaded when input signals exceed what level?9Which of the following choices is a good reason for selecting a high frequency for the design of the IF in a conventional HF or VHF communications receiver?Which of the following is a desirable amount of selectivity for an amateur RTTY HF receiver?Which of the following is a desirable amount of selectivity for an amateur SSB phone receiver?What is an undesirable effect of using too wide a filter bandwidth in the IF section of a receiver?How does a narrow-band roofing filter affect receiver performance?What transmit frequency might generate an image response signal in a receiver tuned to 14.300 MHz and which uses a 455 kHz IF frequency?What is usually the primary source of noise that is heard from an HF receiver with an antenna connected?Which of the following is caused by missing codes in an SDR receivers analog-to-digital converter?Which of the following has the largest effect on an SDR receivers linearity?uWhat is meant by the blocking dynamic range of a receiver?Which of the following describes two problems caused by poor dynamic range in a communications receiver?How can intermodulation interference between two repeaters occur?+Which of the following may reduce or eliminate intermodulation interference in a repeater caused by another transmitter operating in close proximity?7What transmitter frequencies would cause an intermodulation-product signal in a receiver tuned to 146.70 MHz when a nearby station transmits on 146.52 MHz?What is the term for unwanted signals generated by the mixing of two or more signals?Which describes the most significant effect of an off-frequency signal when it is causing cross-modulation interference to a desired signal?kWhat causes intermodulation in an electronic circuit?What is the purpose of the preselector in a communications receiver?What does a third-order intercept level of 40 dBm mean with respect to receiver performance?Why are third-order intermodulation products created within a receiver of particular interest compared to other products?What is the term for the reduction in receiver sensitivity caused by a strong signal near the received frequency?uWhich of the following can cause receiver desensitization?Which of the following is a way to reduce the likelihood of receiver desensitization?Which of the following types of receiver noise can often be reduced by use of a receiver noise blanker?Which of the following types of receiver noise can often be reduced with a DSP noise filter?Which of the following signals might a receiver noise blanker be able to remove from desired signals?How can conducted and radiated noise caused by an automobile alternator be suppressed?gHow can noise from an electric motor be suppressed?YWhat is a major cause of atmospheric static?How can you determine if line noise interference is being generated within your home?What type of signal is picked up by electrical wiring near a radio antenna?What undesirable effect can occur when using an IF noise blanker?What is a common characteristic of interference caused by a touch controlled electrical device?Which is the most likely cause if you are hearing combinations of local AM broadcast signals within one or more of the MF or HF ham bands?What is one disadvantage of using some types of automatic DSP notch-filters when attempting to copy CW signals?What might be the cause of a loud roaring or buzzing AC line interference that comes and goes at intervals?What is one type of electrical interference that might be caused by the operation of a nearby personal computer?Which of the following can cause shielded cables to radiate or receive interference?What current flows equally on all conductors of an unshielded multi-conductor cable?What can cause the voltage across reactances in series to be larger than the voltage applied to them?WWhat is resonance in an electrical circuit?What is the magnitude of the impedance of a series RLC circuit at resonance?What is the magnitude of the impedance of a circuit with a resistor, an inductor and a capacitor all in parallel, at resonance?What is the magnitude of the current at the input of a series RLC circuit as the frequency goes through resonance?What is the magnitude of the circulating current within the components of a parallel LC circuit at resonance?What is the magnitude of the current at the input of a parallel RLC circuit at resonance?What is the phase relationship between the current through and the voltage across a series resonant circuit at resonance?yHow is the Q of an RLC parallel resonant circuit calculated?uHow is the Q of an RLC series resonant circuit calculated?What is the half-power bandwidth of a parallel resonant circuit that has a resonant frequency of 7.1 MHz and a Q of 150?What is the half-power bandwidth of a parallel resonant circuit that has a resonant frequency of 3.7 MHz and a Q of 118?qWhat is an effect of increasing Q in a resonant circuit?What is the resonant frequency of a series RLC circuit if R is 22 ohms, L is 50 microhenrys and C is 40 picofarads?Which of the following can increase Q for inductors and capacitors?What is the resonant frequency of a parallel RLC circuit if R is 33 ohms, L is 50 microhenrys and C is 10 picofarads?What is the result of increasing the Q of an impedance-matching circuit?What is the term for the time required for the capacitor in an RC circuit to be charged to 63.2% of the applied voltage?What is the term for the time it takes for a charged capacitor in an RC circuit to discharge to 36.8% of its initial voltage?What happens to the phase angle of a reactance when it is converted to a susceptance?What is the time constant of a circuit having two 220 microfarad capacitors and two 1 megohm resistors, all in parallel?What happens to the magnitude of a reactance when it is converted to a susceptance?)What is susceptance?+What is the phase angle between the voltage across and the current through a series RLC circuit if XC is 500 ohms, R is 1 kilohm, and XL is 250 ohms?)What is the phase angle between the voltage across and the current through a series RLC circuit if XC is 100 ohms, R is 100 ohms, and XL is 75 ohms?What is the relationship between the current through a capacitor and the voltage across a capacitor?What is the relationship between the current through an inductor and the voltage across an inductor?'What is the phase angle between the voltage across and the current through a series RLC circuit if XC is 25 ohms, R is 100 ohms, and XL is 50 ohms?'What is admittance?mWhat letter is commonly used to represent susceptance?Which of the following represents a capacitive reactance in rectangular notation?eHow are impedances described in polar coordinates?Which of the following represents an inductive reactance in polar coordinates?Which of the following represents a capacitive reactance in polar coordinates?What is the name of the diagram used to show the phase relationship between impedances at a given frequency?SWhat does the impedance 50j25 represent?#What is a vector?What coordinate system is often used to display the phase angle of a circuit containing resistance, inductive and/or capacitive reactance?When using rectangular coordinates to graph the impedance of a circuit, what does the horizontal axis represent?When using rectangular coordinates to graph the impedance of a circuit, what does the vertical axis represent?What do the two numbers that are used to define a point on a graph using rectangular coordinates represent?If you plot the impedance of a circuit using the rectangular coordinate system and find the impedance point falls on the right side of the graph on the horizontal axis, what do you know about the circuit?What coordinate system is often used to display the resistive, inductive, and/or capacitive reactance components of impedance?+Which point on Figure E5-2 best represents the impedance of a series circuit consisting of a 400 ohm resistor and a 38 picofarad capacitor at 14 MHz?3Which point in Figure E5-2 best represents the impedance of a series circuit consisting of a 300 ohm resistor and an 18 microhenry inductor at 3.505 MHz?3Which point on Figure E5-2 best represents the impedance of a series circuit consisting of a 300 ohm resistor and a 19 picofarad capacitor at 21.200 MHz?mWhich point on Figure E5-2 best represents the impedance of a series circuit consisting of a 300 ohm resistor, a 0.64-microhenry inductor and an 85-picofarad capacitor at 24.900 MHz?EWhat is the result of skin effect?Why is it important to keep lead lengths short for components used in circuits for VHF and above?'What is microstrip?{Why are short connections necessary at microwave frequencies?Which parasitic characteristic increases with conductor length?In what direction is the magnetic field oriented about a conductor in relation to the direction of electron flow?What determines the strength of the magnetic field around a conductor?What type of energy is stored in an electromagnetic or electrostatic field?What happens to reactive power in an AC circuit that has both ideal inductors and ideal capacitors?How can the true power be determined in an AC circuit where the voltage and current are out of phase?What is the power factor of an R-L circuit having a 60 degree phase angle between the voltage and the current?How many watts are consumed in a circuit having a power factor of 0.2 if the input is 100-VAC at 4 amperes?How much power is consumed in a circuit consisting of a 100 ohm resistor in series with a 100 ohm inductive reactance drawing 1 ampere?/What is reactive power?What is the power factor of an R-L circuit having a 45 degree phase angle between the voltage and the current?What is the power factor of an R-L circuit having a 30 degree phase angle between the voltage and the current?How many watts are consumed in a circuit having a power factor of 0.6 if the input is 200VAC at 5 amperes?How many watts are consumed in a circuit having a power factor of 0.71 if the apparent power is 500VA?In what application is gallium arsenide used as a semiconductor material in preference to germanium or silicon?Which of the following semiconductor materials contains excess free electrons?Why does a PN-junction diode not conduct current when reverse biased?What is the name given to an impurity atom that adds holes to a semiconductor crystal structure?gWhat is the alpha of a bipolar junction transistor?eWhat is the beta of a bipolar junction transistor?Which of the following indicates that a silicon NPN junction transistor is biased on?What term indicates the frequency at which the grounded-base current gain of a transistor has decreased to 0.7 of the gain obtainable at 1 kHz?;What is a depletion-mode FET?In Figure E6-2, what is the schematic symbol for an N-channel dual-gate MOSFET?In Figure E6-2, what is the schematic symbol for a P-channel junction FET?Why do many MOSFET devices have internally connected Zener diodes on the gates?IWhat do the initials CMOS stand for?How does DC input impedance at the gate of a field-effect transistor compare with the DC input impedance of a bipolar transistor?Which semiconductor material contains excess holes in the outer shell of electrons?What are the majority charge carriers in N-type semiconductor material?What are the names of the three terminals of a field-effect transistor?qWhat is the most useful characteristic of a Zener diode?What is an important characteristic of a Schottky diode as compared to an ordinary silicon diode when used as a power supply rectifier?What special type of diode is capable of both amplification and oscillation?What type of semiconductor device is designed for use as a voltage-controlled capacitor?What characteristic of a PIN diode makes it useful as an RF switch or attenuator?}Which of the following is a common use of a hot-carrier diode?What is the failure mechanism when a junction diode fails due to excessive current?Which of the following describes a type of semiconductor diode?]What is a common use for point contact diodes?In Figure E6-3, what is the schematic symbol for a light-emitting diode?What is used to control the attenuation of RF signals by a PIN diode?MWhat is one common use for PIN diodes?oWhat type of bias is required for an LED to emit light?gWhat is the function of hysteresis in a comparator?What happens when the level of a comparators input signal crosses the threshold?1What is tri-state logic?cWhat is the primary advantage of tri-state logic?yWhat is an advantage of CMOS logic devices over TTL devices?Why do CMOS digital integrated circuits have high immunity to noise on the input signal or power supply?iWhat best describes a pull-up or pull-down resistor?{In Figure E6-5, what is the schematic symbol for a NAND gate?UWhat is a Programmable Logic Device (PLD)?yIn Figure E6-5, what is the schematic symbol for a NOR gate?In Figure E6-5, what is the schematic symbol for the NOT operation (inverter)?+What is BiCMOS logic?oWhich of the following is an advantage of BiCMOS logic?What is the primary advantage of using a Programmable Gate Array (PGA) in a logic circuit?YHow many turns will be required to produce a 5-microhenry inductor using a powdered-iron toroidal core that has an inductance index (A L) value of 40 microhenrys/100 turns?gWhat is the equivalent circuit of a quartz crystal?Which of the following is an aspect of the piezoelectric effect?Which materials are commonly used as a slug core in a variable inductor?What is one reason for using ferrite cores rather than powdered-iron in an inductor?What core material property determines the inductance of a toroidal inductor?)What is the usable frequency range of inductors that use toroidal cores, assuming a correct selection of core material for the frequency being used?What is one reason for using powdered-iron cores rather than ferrite cores in an inductor?What devices are commonly used as VHF and UHF parasitic suppressors at the input and output terminals of a transistor HF amplifier?What is a primary advantage of using a toroidal core instead of a solenoidal core in an inductor?How many turns will be required to produce a 1-mH inductor using a core that has an inductance index (A L) value of 523 millihenrys/1000 turns?What is the definition of saturation in a ferrite core inductor?kWhat is the primary cause of inductor self-resonance?Which type of slug material decreases inductance when inserted into a coil?What is current in the primary winding of a transformer called if no load is attached to the secondary?What is the common name for a capacitor connected across a transformer secondary that is used to absorb transient voltage spikes?Why should core saturation of a conventional impedance matching transformer be avoided?Which of the following is true of a charge-coupled device (CCD)?}Which of the following device packages is a through-hole type?Which of the following materials is likely to provide the highest frequency of operation when used in MMICs?Which is the most common input and output impedance of circuits that use MMICs?Which of the following noise figure values is typical of a low-noise UHF preamplifier?What characteristics of the MMIC make it a popular choice for VHF through microwave circuits?Which of the following is typically used to construct a MMIC-based microwave amplifier?How is voltage from a power supply normally furnished to the most common type of monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC)?Which of the following component package types would be most suitable for use at frequencies above the HF range?What is the packaging technique in which leadless components are soldered directly to circuit boards?What is a characteristic of DIP packaging used for integrated circuits?Why are high-power RF amplifier ICs and transistors sometimes mounted in ceramic packages?5What is photoconductivity?What happens to the conductivity of a photoconductive material when light shines on it?What is the most common configuration of an optoisolator or optocoupler?AWhat is the photovoltaic effect?SWhich describes an optical shaft encoder?Which of these materials is affected the most by photoconductivity?9What is a solid state relay?Why are optoisolators often used in conjunction with solid state circuits when switching 120VAC?]What is the efficiency of a photovoltaic cell?What is the most common type of photovoltaic cell used for electrical power generation?What is the approximate open-circuit voltage produced by a fully-illuminated siliconphotovoltaic cell?What absorbs the energy from light falling on a photovoltaic cell?OWhat is a liquid crystal display (LCD)?_Which of the following is true of LCD displays?;Which is a bi-stable circuit?iWhat is the function of a decade counter digital IC?Which of the following can divide the frequency of a pulse train by 2?How many flip-flops are required to divide a signal frequency by 4?Which of the following is a circuit that continuously alternates between two states without an external clock?oWhat is a characteristic of a monostable multivibrator?aWhat logical operation does a NAND gate perform?_What logical operation does an OR gate perform?{What logical operation is performed by an exclusive NOR gate?-What is a truth table?_What type of logic defines 1 as a high voltage?_What type of logic defines 0 as a high voltage?For what portion of a signal cycle does a Class AB amplifier operate?9What is a Class D amplifier?Which of the following components form the output of a class D amplifier circuit?Where on the load line of a Class A common emitter amplifier would bias normally be set?What can be done to prevent unwanted oscillations in an RF power amplifier?Which of the following amplifier types reduces or eliminates even order harmonics?Which of the following is a likely result when a Class C amplifier is used to amplify a single-sideband phone signal?[How can an RF power amplifier be neutralized?aWhich of the following describes how the loading and tuning capacitors are to be adjusted when tuning a vacuum tube RF power amplifier that employs a Pi-network output circuit?cIn Figure E7-1, what is the purpose of R1 and R2?UIn Figure E7-1, what is the purpose of R3?oWhat type of amplifier circuit is shown in Figure E7-1?SIn Figure E7-2, what is the purpose of R?Why are switching amplifiers more efficient than linear amplifiers?What is one way to prevent thermal runaway in a bipolar transistor amplifier?What is the effect of intermodulation products in a linear power amplifier?Why are odd-order rather than even-order intermodulation distortion products of concern in linear power amplifiers?mWhat is a characteristic of a grounded-grid amplifier?How are the capacitors and inductors of a low-pass filter Pi-network arranged between the network's input and output?Which of the following is a property of a T-network with series capacitors and a parallel shunt inductor?CWhat advantage does a Pi-L-network have over a regular Pi-network for impedance matching between the final amplifier of a vacuum-tube transmitter and an antenna?How does an impedance-matching circuit transform a complex impedance to a resistive impedance?Which filter type is described as having ripple in the passband and a sharp cutoff?{What are the distinguishing features of an elliptical filter?What kind of filter would you use to attenuate an interfering carrier signal while receiving an SSB transmission?Which of the following factors has the greatest effect in helping determine the bandwidth and response shape of a crystal ladder filter?What is a Jones filter as used as part of an HF receiver IF stage?Which of the following filters would be the best choice for use in a 2 meter repeater duplexer?Which of the following is the common name for a filter network which is equivalent to two L-networks connected back-to-back with the two inductors in series and the capacitors in shunt at the input and output?Which describes a Pi-L-network used for matching a vacuum tube final amplifier to a 50 ohm unbalanced output?What is one advantage of a Pi-matching network over an L-matching network consisting of a single inductor and a single capacitor?Which mode is most affected by non-linear phase response in a receiver IF filter?CWhat is a crystal lattice filter?What is one characteristic of a linear electronic voltage regulator?What is one characteristic of a switching electronic voltage regulator?What device is typically used as a stable reference voltage in a linear voltage regulator?Which of the following types of linear voltage regulator usually make the most efficient use of the primary power source?Which of the following types of linear voltage regulator places a constant load on the unregulated voltage source?}What is the purpose of Q1 in the circuit shown in Figure E7-3?}What is the purpose of C2 in the circuit shown in Figure E7-3?[What type of circuit is shown in Figure E7-3?What is the main reason to use a charge controller with a solar power system?YWhat is the primary reason that a high-frequency switching type high voltage power supply can be both less expensive and lighter in weight than a conventional power supply?What circuit element is controlled by a series analog voltage regulator to maintain a constant output voltage?yWhat is the drop-out voltage of an analog voltage regulator?What is the equation for calculating power dissipation by a series connected linear voltage regulator?What is one purpose of a 'bleeder' resistor in a conventional unregulated power supply?What is the purpose of a 'step-start' circuit in a high voltage power supply?When several electrolytic filter capacitors are connected in series to increase the operating voltage of a power supply filter circuit, why should resistors be connected across each capacitor?Which of the following can be used to generate FM phone emissions?]What is the function of a reactance modulator?YHow does an analog phase modulator function?What is one way a single-sideband phone signal can be generated?What circuit is added to an FM transmitter to boost the higher audio frequencies?Why is de-emphasis commonly used in FM communications receivers?wWhat is meant by the term baseband in radio communications?What are the principal frequencies that appear at the output of a mixer circuit?What occurs when an excessive amount of signal energy reaches a mixer circuit?GHow does a diode detector function?yWhich type of detector is used for demodulating SSB signals?sWhat is a frequency discriminator stage in a FM receiver?What is meant by direct digital conversion as applied to software defined radios?What kind of digital signal processing audio filter is used to remove unwanted noise from a received SSB signal?What type of digital signal processing filter is used to generate an SSB signal?What is a common method of generating an SSB signal using digital signal processing?How frequently must an analog signal be sampled by an analog-to-digital converter so that the signal can be accurately reproduced?1What is the minimum number of bits required for an analog-to-digital converter to sample a signal with a range of 1 volt at a resolution of 1 millivolt?gWhat function can a Fast Fourier Transform perform?What is the function of decimation with regard to digital filters?Why is an anti-aliasing digital filter required in a digital decimator?What aspect of receiver analog-to-digital conversion determines the maximum receive bandwidth of a Direct Digital Conversion SDR?What sets the minimum detectable signal level for an SDR in the absence of atmospheric or thermal noise?What digital process is applied to I and Q signals in order to recover the baseband modulation information?What is the function of taps in a digital signal processing filter?Which of the following would allow a digital signal processing filter to create a sharper filter response? Which of the following is an advantage of a Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter vs an Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) digital filter?How might the sampling rate of an existing digital signal be adjusted by a factor of 3/4?qWhat do the letters I and Q in I/Q Modulation represent?What is the typical output impedance of an integrated circuit op-amp?UWhat is the effect of ringing in a filter?What is the typical input impedance of an integrated circuit op-amp?mWhat is meant by the term op-amp input offset voltage?How can unwanted ringing and audio instability be prevented in a multi-section op-amp RC audio filter circuit?Which of the following is the most appropriate use of an op-amp active filter?What magnitude of voltage gain can be expected from the circuit in Figure E7-4 when R1 is 10 ohms and RF is 470 ohms?How does the gain of an ideal operational amplifier vary with frequency?+What will be the output voltage of the circuit shown in Figure E7-4 if R1 is 1000 ohms, RF is 10,000 ohms, and 0.23 volts DC is applied to the input?What absolute voltage gain can be expected from the circuit in Figure E7-4 when R1 is 1800 ohms and RF is 68 kilohms?What absolute voltage gain can be expected from the circuit in Figure E7-4 when R1 is 3300 ohms and RF is 47 kilohms?iWhat is an integrated circuit operational amplifier?What are three oscillator circuits used in Amateur Radio equipment?=Which describes a microphonic?uHow is positive feedback supplied in a Hartley oscillator?wHow is positive feedback supplied in a Colpitts oscillator?sHow is positive feedback supplied in a Pierce oscillator?Which of the following oscillator circuits are commonly used in VFOs?sHow can an oscillators microphonic responses be reduced?Which of the following components can be used to reduce thermal drift in crystal oscillators?#What type of frequency synthesizer circuit uses a phase accumulator, lookup table, digital to analog converter, and a low-pass anti-alias filter?What information is contained in the lookup table of a direct digital frequency synthesizer?What are the major spectral impurity components of direct digital synthesizers? Which of the following must be done to insure that a crystal oscillator provides the frequency specified by the crystal manufacturer?Which of the following is a technique for providing highly accurate and stable oscillators needed for microwave transmission and reception?IWhat is a phase-locked loop circuit?Which of these functions can be performed by a phase-locked loop?What is the name of the process that shows that a square wave is made up of a sine wave plus all of its odd harmonics?What type of wave has a rise time significantly faster than its fall time (or vice versa)? What type of wave does a Fourier analysis show to be made up of sine waves of a given fundamental frequency plus all of its harmonics?}What is 'dither' with respect to analog to digital converters?What would be the most accurate way of measuring the RMS voltage of a complex waveform?What is the approximate ratio of PEP-to-average power in a typical single-sideband phone signal?What determines the PEP-to-average power ratio of a single-sideband phone signal?Why would a direct or flash conversion analog-to-digital converter be useful for a software defined radio?How many levels can an analog-to-digital converter with 8 bit resolution encode?What is the purpose of a low pass filter used in conjunction with a digital-to-analog converter?What type of information can be conveyed using digital waveforms?What is an advantage of using digital signals instead of analog signals to convey the same information?Which of these methods is commonly used to convert analog signals to digital signals?/What is the term for the ratio between the frequency deviation of an RF carrier wave and the modulating frequency of its corresponding FM-phone signal?How does the modulation index of a phase-modulated emission vary with RF carrier frequency (the modulated frequency)?cWhat is the modulation index of an FM-phone signal having a maximum frequency deviation of 3000 Hz either side of the carrier frequency when the modulating frequency is 1000 Hz?=What is the modulation index of an FM-phone signal having a maximum carrier deviation of plus or minus 6 kHz when modulated with a 2 kHz modulating frequency?3What is the deviation ratio of an FM-phone signal having a maximum frequency swing of plus-or-minus 5 kHz when the maximum modulation frequency is 3 kHz?;What is the deviation ratio of an FM-phone signal having a maximum frequency swing of plus or minus 7.5 kHz when the maximum modulation frequency is 3.5 kHz?Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is a technique used for which type of amateur communication?uWhat describes Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing?CWhat is meant by deviation ratio?_What describes frequency division multiplexing?WWhat is digital time division multiplexing?YHow is Forward Error Correction implemented?What is the definition of symbol rate in a digital transmission?When performing phase shift keying, why is it advantageous to shift phase precisely at the zero crossing of the RF carrier?What technique is used to minimize the bandwidth requirements of a PSK31 signal?What is the necessary bandwidth of a 13-WPM international Morse code transmission?What is the necessary bandwidth of a 170-hertz shift, 300-baud ASCII transmission?What is the necessary bandwidth of a 4800-Hz frequency shift, 9600-baud ASCII FM transmission?SHow does ARQ accomplish error correction?Which is the name of a digital code where each preceding or following character changes by only one bit?What is an advantage of Gray code in digital communications where symbols are transmitted as multiple bitsmWhat is the relationship between symbol rate and baud?Why are received spread spectrum signals resistant to interference?What spread spectrum communications technique uses a high speed binary bit stream to shift the phase of an RF carrier?How does the spread spectrum technique of frequency hopping work?What is the primary effect of extremely short rise or fall time on a CW signal?mWhat is the most common method of reducing key clicks?Which of the following indicates likely overmodulation of an AFSK signal such as PSK or MFSK?sWhat is a common cause of overmodulation of AFSK signals?What parameter might indicate that excessively high input levels are causing distortion in an AFSK signal?What is considered a good minimum IMD level for an idling PSK signal?What are some of the differences between the Baudot digital code and ASCII?What is one advantage of using ASCII code for data communications?What is the advantage of including a parity bit with an ASCII character stream?IWhat describes an isotropic antenna?UWhat antenna has no gain in any direction?Why would one need to know the feed point impedance of an antenna?Which of the following factors may affect the feed point impedance of an antenna?}What is included in the total resistance of an antenna system?How does the beamwidth of an antenna vary as the gain is increased?=What is meant by antenna gain?GWhat is meant by antenna bandwidth?KHow is antenna efficiency calculated?Which of the following choices is a way to improve the efficiency of a ground-mounted quarter-wave vertical antenna? Which of the following factors determines ground losses for a ground-mounted vertical antenna operating in the 3 MHz to 30 MHz range?How much gain does an antenna have compared to a 1/2-wavelength dipole when it has 6 dB gain over an isotropic antenna?How much gain does an antenna have compared to a 1/2-wavelength dipole when it has 12 dB gain over an isotropic antenna?qWhat is meant by the radiation resistance of an antenna?wWhat is the effective radiated power relative to a dipole of a repeater station with 150 watts transmitter power output, 2 dB feed line loss, 2.2 dB duplexer loss, and 7 dBd antenna gain?What is the effective radiated power relative to a dipole of a repeater station with 200 watts transmitter power output, 4 dB feed line loss, 3.2 dB duplexer loss, 0.8 dB circulator loss, and 10 dBd antenna gain?}What is the effective radiated power of a repeater station with 200 watts transmitter power output, 2 dB feed line loss, 2.8 dB duplexer loss, 1.2 dB circulator loss, and 7 dBi antenna gain?What term describes station output, taking into account all gains and losses?In the antenna radiation pattern shown in Figure E9-1, what is the 3 dB beam-width?In the antenna radiation pattern shown in Figure E9-1, what is the front-to-back ratio?In the antenna radiation pattern shown in Figure E9-1, what is the front-to-side ratio?What may occur when a directional antenna is operated at different frequencies within the band for which it was designed?What type of antenna pattern over real ground is shown in Figure E9-2?What is the elevation angle of peak response in the antenna radiation pattern shown in Figure E9-2?How does the total amount of radiation emitted by a directional gain antenna compare with the total amount of radiation emitted from an isotropic antenna, assuming each is driven by the same amount of power?How can the approximate beam-width in a given plane of a directional antenna be determined?What type of computer program technique is commonly used for modeling antennas?mWhat is the principle of a Method of Moments analysis?What is a disadvantage of decreasing the number of wire segments in an antenna model below the guideline of 10 segments per half-wavelength?IWhat is the far field of an antenna?What does the abbreviation NEC stand for when applied to antenna modeling programs?What type of information can be obtained by submitting the details of a proposed new antenna to a modeling program?What is the front-to-back ratio of the radiation pattern shown in Figure E9-2?How many elevation lobes appear in the forward direction of the antenna radiation pattern shown in Figure E9-2?What is the radiation pattern of two 1/4-wavelength vertical antennas spaced 1/2-wavelength apart and fed 180 degrees out of phase?What is the radiation pattern of two 1/4 wavelength vertical antennas spaced 1/4 wavelength apart and fed 90 degrees out of phase?What is the radiation pattern of two 1/4 wavelength vertical antennas spaced a 1/2 wavelength apart and fed in phase?What happens to the radiation pattern of an unterminated long wire antenna as the wire length is increased?1What is an OCFD antenna?What is the effect of a terminating resistor on a rhombic antenna?What is the approximate feed point impedance at the center of a two-wire folded dipole antenna?AWhat is a folded dipole antenna?/What is a G5RV antenna?aWhich of the following describes a Zepp antenna? How is the far-field elevation pattern of a vertically polarized antenna affected by being mounted over seawater versus rocky ground?Which of the following describes an extended double Zepp antenna?What is the main effect of placing a vertical antenna over an imperfect ground?!How does the performance of a horizontally polarized antenna mounted on the side of a hill compare with the same antenna mounted on flat ground?How does the radiation pattern of a horizontally polarized 3-element beam antenna vary with its height above ground?How does the gain of an ideal parabolic dish antenna change when the operating frequency is doubled?How can linearly polarized Yagi antennas be used to produce circular polarization?Where should a high Q loading coil be placed to minimize losses in a shortened vertical antenna?Why should an HF mobile antenna loading coil have a high ratio of reactance to resistance?yWhat is a disadvantage of using a multiband trapped antenna?What happens to the bandwidth of an antenna as it is shortened through the use of loading coils?What is an advantage of using top loading in a shortened HF vertical antenna?]What happens as the Q of an antenna increases?What is the function of a loading coil used as part of an HF mobile antenna?What happens to feed point impedance at the base of a fixed length HF mobile antenna as the frequency of operation is lowered?Which of the following types of conductors would be best for minimizing losses in a station's RF ground system?Which of the following would provide the best RF ground for your station?What usually occurs if a Yagi antenna is designed solely for maximum forward gain?What system matches a higher impedance transmission line to a lower impedance antenna by connecting the line to the driven element in two places spaced a fraction of a wavelength each side of element center?What is the name of an antenna matching system that matches an unbalanced feed line to an antenna by feeding the driven element both at the center of the element and at a fraction of a wavelength to one side of center?)What is the name of the matching system that uses a section of transmission line connected in parallel with the feed line at or near the feed point?What is the purpose of the series capacitor in a gamma-type antenna matching network?How must the driven element in a 3-element Yagi be tuned to use a hairpin matching system?What is the equivalent lumped-constant network for a hairpin matching system of aWhat term best describes the interactions at the load end of a mismatched transmission line?Which of the following measurements is characteristic of a mismatched transmission line?EWhich of these matching systems is an effective method of connecting a 50 ohm coaxial cable feed line to a grounded tower so it can be used as a vertical antenna?Which of these choices is an effective way to match an antenna with a 100 ohm feed point impedance to a 50 ohm coaxial cable feed line?What is an effective way of matching a feed line to a VHF or UHF antenna when the impedances of both the antenna and feed line are unknown?What is the primary purpose of a phasing line when used with an antenna having multiple driven elements?MWhat is a use for a Wilkinson divider?gWhat is the velocity factor of a transmission line?Which of the following determines the velocity factor of a transmission line?Why is the physical length of a coaxial cable transmission line shorter than its electrical length?What is the typical velocity factor for a coaxial cable with solid polyethylene dielectric?EWhat is the approximate physical length of a solid polyethylene dielectric coaxial transmission line that is electrically one-quarter wavelength long at 14.1 MHz?;What is the approximate physical length of an air-insulated, parallel conductor transmission line that is electrically one-half wavelength long at 14.10 MHz?How does ladder line compare to small-diameter coaxial cable such as RG-58 at 50 MHz?What is the term for the ratio of the actual speed at which a signal travels through a transmission line to the speed of light in a vacuum?CWhat is the approximate physical length of a solid polyethylene dielectric coaxial transmission line that is electrically one-quarter wavelength long at 7.2 MHz?What impedance does a 1/8 wavelength transmission line present to a generator when the line is shorted at the far end?What impedance does a 1/8 wavelength transmission line present to a generator when the line is open at the far end?What impedance does a 1/4 wavelength transmission line present to a generator when the line is open at the far end?What impedance does a 1/4 wavelength transmission line present to a generator when the line is shorted at the far end?What impedance does a 1/2 wavelength transmission line present to a generator when the line is shorted at the far end?What impedance does a 1/2 wavelength transmission line present to a generator when the line is open at the far end?AWhich of the following is a significant difference between foam dielectric coaxial cable and solid dielectric cable, assuming all other parameters are the same?{Which of the following can be calculated using a Smith chart?qWhat type of coordinate system is used in a Smith chart?Which of the following is often determined using a Smith chart?What are the two families of circles and arcs that make up a Smith chart?WWhat type of chart is shown in Figure E9-3?On the Smith chart shown in Figure E9-3, what is the name for the large outer circle on which the reactance arcs terminate?On the Smith chart shown in Figure E9-3, what is the only straight line shown?What is the process of normalization with regard to a Smith chart?What third family of circles is often added to a Smith chart during the process of solving problems?YWhat do the arcs on a Smith chart represent?uHow are the wavelength scales on a Smith chart calibrated?7When constructing a Beverage antenna, which of the following factors should be included in the design to achieve good performance at the desired frequency?Which is generally true for low band (160 meter and 80 meter) receiving antennas?What is an advantage of using a shielded loop antenna for direction finding?What is the main drawback of a wire-loop antenna for direction finding?mWhat is the triangulation method of direction finding?Why is it advisable to use an RF attenuator on a receiver being used for direction finding?QWhat is the function of a sense antenna?Which of the following describes the construction of a receiving loop antenna?How can the output voltage of a multiple turn receiving loop antenna be increased?What characteristic of a cardioid pattern antenna is useful for direction finding?What is the primary function of an external earth connection or ground rod?When evaluating RF exposure levels from your station at a neighbors home, what must you do?3Which of the following would be a practical way to estimate whether the RF fields produced by an amateur radio station are within permissible MPE limits?qWhen evaluating a site with multiple transmitters operating at the same time, the operators and licensees of which transmitters are responsible for mitigating over-exposure situations?What is one of the potential hazards of using microwaves in the amateur radio bands?Why are there separate electric (E) and magnetic (H) field MPE limits?How may dangerous levels of carbon monoxide from an emergency generator be detected?-What does SAR measure?oWhich insulating material commonly used as a thermal conductor for some types of electronic devices is extremely toxic if broken or crushed and the particles are accidentally inhaled?What toxic material may be present in some electronic components such as high voltage capacitors and transformers?Which of the following injuries can result from using high-power UHF or microwave transmitters??3 kHz below the upper band edge?3 kHz above the lower band edgecNo, the sideband will extend beyond the band edgeNo, the sideband will extend beyond the edge of the phone band segment100 watts PEP effective radiated power relative to the gain of a half-wave dipoleMAt the center frequency of the channel60 meter band_The control operator of the originating stationDiscontinue forwarding the communication as soon as you become aware of itIts operation must be approved by the master of the ship or the pilot in command of the aircraft=Any FCC-issued amateur licenseNo, one of the sidebands of the CW signal will be out of the bandAny person holding an FCC issued amateur license or who is authorized for alien reciprocal operation2.8 kHzAn emission outside its necessary bandwidth that can be reduced or eliminated without affecting the information transmittedThe location is of environmental importance or significant in American history, architecture, or culture 1 mileqAn Environmental Assessment must be submitted to the FCCyAn area surrounding the National Radio Astronomy ObservatoryYou may have to notify the Federal Aviation Administration and register it with the FCC as required by Part 17 of FCC rules1.0The amateur station must avoid transmitting during certain hours on frequencies that cause the interferenceAny FCC-licensed amateur station certified by the responsible civil defense organization for the area servedAll amateur service frequencies authorized to the control operator)At least 43 dB belowmA station controlled indirectly through a control linkThe use of devices and procedures for control so that the control operator does not have to be present at a control pointUnder automatic control the control operator is not required to be present at the control pointAn international amateur radio permit that allows U.S. amateurs to operate in certain countries of the Americas NeveroA control operator must be present at the control pointyDirect manipulation of the transmitter by a control operator3 minutes/29.500 MHz - 29.700 MHzUOnly auxiliary, repeater or space stationsCEPT agreementCommunications incidental to the purpose of the amateur service and remarks of a personal natureiYou must bring a copy of FCC Public Notice DA 11-221One-way transmission of measurements at a distance from the measuring instrumentA radio communications service using amateur radio stations on satellitesAn amateur station that transmits communications to initiate, modify or terminate functions of a space station An amateur station within 50 km of the Earth's surface intended for communications with amateur stations by means of objects in space]Any class with appropriate operator privilegesThe space station must be capable of terminating transmissions by telecommand when directed by the FCCiOnly the 40 m, 20 m, 17 m, 15 m, 12 m and 10 m bands2 meters70 cm and 13 cm1Any amateur station so designated by the space station licensee, subject to the privileges of the class of operator license held by the control operatorAny amateur station, subject to the privileges of the class of operator license held by the control operator3[In a question pool maintained by all the VECsAn organization that has entered into an agreement with the FCC to coordinate amateur operator license examinationsThe procedure by which a VEC confirms that the VE applicant meets FCC requirements to serve as an examiner9Minimum passing score of 74%+Each administering VEcImmediately terminate the candidates examination]Relatives of the VE as listed in the FCC rulesRevocation of the VE's amateur station license grant and the suspension of the VE's amateur operator license grantThey must submit the application document to the coordinating VEC according to the coordinating VEC instructionsThree VEs must certify that the examinee is qualified for the license grant and that they have complied with the administering VE requirements_Return the application document to the examineeUse a real-time video link and the Internet to connect the exam session to the observing VEsPreparing, processing, administering and coordinating an examination for an amateur radio licenseSOnly on amateur frequencies above 222 MHzThe operating terms and conditions of the Canadian amateur service license, not to exceed U.S. Extra Class privileges It was purchased in used condition from an amateur operator and is sold to another amateur operator for use at that operator's stationA line roughly parallel to and south of the U.S.-Canadian border#420 MHz - 430 MHzeTo provide for experimental amateur communicationsWhen neither the amateur nor his or her employer has a pecuniary interest in the communicationsCommunications transmitted for hire or material compensation, except as otherwise provided in the rulesAAll of these choices are correct 10 WIt must satisfy the FCC's spurious emission standards when operated at the lesser of 1500 watts or its full output powerOnly Technician, General, Advanced or Amateur Extra Class operators'From south to north'From north to southThe time it takes for a satellite to complete one revolution around the EarthgThe satellite's uplink and downlink frequency bandsQThe uplink and downlink frequency ranges#435 MHz - 438 MHzoTo avoid reducing the downlink power to all other usersSThe 23 centimeter and 13 centimeter bandsCBecause the satellite is spinning=A circularly polarized antennaBy calculations using the Keplerian elements for the specified satelliteGeostationary APRS30525Turning off the scanning beam while it is traveling from right to left or from bottom to topVestigial sideband reduces bandwidth while allowing for simple video detector circuitryAmplitude modulation in which one complete sideband and a portion of the other are transmitted Chroma7No other hardware is needed 3 KHzITo identify the SSTV mode being usedVarying tone frequencies representing the video are transmitted using single sideband128 or 256Tone frequency3Specific tone frequencies NTSC 3 kHz1255 MHzThey are restricted to phone band segments and their bandwidth can be no greater than that of a voice signal of the same modulation typeOperators are permitted to make contacts even if they do not submit a logThe generally prohibited practice of posting ones own call sign and frequency on a spotting network 30 mGSpread spectrum in the 2.4 GHz bandTo handle the receiving and sending of confirmation cards for a DX stationIn the weak signal segment of the band, with most of the activity near the calling frequencyiA standard for submission of electronic contest logsmContacts between a U.S. station and a non-U.S. stationeA standard wireless router running custom softwareMSend your full call sign once or twiceGSwitch to a lower frequency HF bandGNo additional indicator is required FSK441 JT65To store digital messages in the satellite for later download by other stations#Store-and-forwardyTime synchronous transmissions alternately from each station AX.25-Unnumbered Information300 baud packetAn APRS station with a GPS unit can automatically transmit information to show a mobile station's position during the event-Latitude and longitude{It can decode signals many dB below the noise floor using FECMulti-tone AFSKThe ability to decode signals which have a very low signal to noise ratioFSK1Forward Error Correction_Alternating transmissions at 1 minute intervals;Selective fading has occurredWinlink300 baud 316 Hz PACTOR PSK31sDirect FSK applies the data signal to the transmitter VFOAutomatick12,000 miles, if the Moon is visible by both stations7A fluttery irregular fading7When the Moon is at perigeeOProbability of tropospheric propagation)Warm and cold frontsiThe rain must be within radio range of both stationsBodies of waterThe E layer!28 MHz - 148 MHz+Temperature inversion-100 miles to 300 milesThe interaction in the E layer of charged particles from the Sun with the Earths magnetic fieldCW NorthA wave consisting of an electric field and a magnetic field oscillating at right angles to each otheruChanging electric and magnetic fields propagate the energyIWaves with a rotating electric fieldPropagation between two mid-latitude points at approximately the same distance north and south of the magnetic equator5000 miles5Afternoon or early eveningIndependent waves created in the ionosphere that are elliptically polarized/160 meters to 10 meters20 metersSReceipt of a signal by more than one pathGray-lineiAround the solstices, especially the summer solsticeAt twilight and sunrise, D-layer absorption is low while E-layer and F-layer propagation remains highAny timeSuccessive ionospheric reflections without an intermediate reflection from the groundThe signal experiences less loss along the path compared to normal skip propagationEThey become elliptically polarizedgModeling a radio wave's path through the ionosphere]Increasing disruption of the geomagnetic fieldPolar pathswDirection and strength of the interplanetary magnetic fieldSouthwardWBy approximately 15 percent of the distanceClass X9An extreme geomagnetic stormTwice as great{UV emissions at 304 angstroms, correlated to solar flux indexHF propagationIt decreasesVerticalyDownward bending due to density variations in the atmosphere5A solar flare has occurredSampling rate5RF amplitude and frequency'A spectrum analyzergAnalog-to-digital conversion speed of the soundcard7False signals are displayedgAntenna analyzers do not need an external RF source'An antenna analyzer1One-half the sample rateLogic analyzerKeep the signal ground connection of the probe as short as possibleAttenuate the transmitter output going to the spectrum analyzerA square wave is displayed and the probe is adjusted until the horizontal portions of the displayed wave are as nearly flat as possibleIt divides a higher frequency signal so a low-frequency counter can display the input frequencyIt provides improved resolution of low-frequency signals within a comparable time period%Time base accuracy[It is very precise in obtaining a signal null146.52 Hz14.652 Hz1465.20 Hz75 wattsaThe port or ports at which measurements are made)High impedance inputUThere is more power going into the antennaModulate the transmitter with two non-harmonically related audio frequencies and observe the RF output with a spectrum analyzerConnect the antenna feed line directly to the analyzer's connectorThe full scale reading of the voltmeter multiplied by its ohms per volt rating will indicate the input impedance of the voltmeterS21?A less accurate reading resultscThe bandwidth of the circuit's frequency responseS11QShort circuit, open circuit, and 50 ohmsIt can cause strong signals on nearby frequencies to interfere with reception of weak signalsEA front-end filter or pre-selectorCapture effectThe ratio in dB of the noise generated by the receiver to the theoretical minimum noiseThe theoretical noise at the input of a perfect receiver at room temperature-148 dBm=The minimum discernible signaluThe maximum count value of the analog-to-digital converterwEasier for front-end circuitry to eliminate image responses 300 Hz2.4 kHz=Undesired signals may be heardIt improves dynamic range by attenuating strong signals near the receive frequency15.210 MHz#Atmospheric noiseDistortionaAnalog-to-digital converter sample width in bitsThe difference in dB between the noise floor and the level of an incoming signal which will cause 1 dB of gain compressionCross-modulation of the desired signal and desensitization from strong adjacent signalsWhen the repeaters are in close proximity and the signals mix in the final amplifier of one or both transmittersA properly terminated circulator at the output of the transmitter3146.34 MHz and 146.61 MHz9Intermodulation interferenceThe off-frequency unwanted signal is heard in addition to the desired signal;Nonlinear circuits or devicesSTo increase rejection of unwanted signalsA pair of 40 dBm signals will theoretically generate a third-order intermodulation product with the same level as the input signalsThe third-order product of two signals which are in the band of interest is also likely to be within the bandDesensitization?Strong adjacent channel signalsSDecrease the RF bandwidth of the receiverIgnition noiseYSignals which appear across a wide bandwidth By connecting the radio's power leads directly to the battery and by installing coaxial capacitors in line with the alternator leadsBy installing a brute-force AC-line filter in series with the motor leadsThunderstormsBy turning off the AC power line main circuit breaker and listening on a battery operated radio}A common-mode signal at the frequency of the radio transmitterNearby signals may appear to be excessively wide even if they meet emission standardsNearby corroded metal joints are mixing and re-radiating the broadcast signalsA DSP filter can remove the desired signal at the same time as it removes interfering signalsThe appearance of unstable modulated or unmodulated signals at specific frequenciescCommon mode currents on the shield and conductors'Common-mode currentResonanceThe frequency at which the capacitive reactance equals the inductive reactanceSApproximately equal to circuit resistanceMaximum%It is at a maximumMinimumIThe voltage and current are in phaseResistance divided by the reactance of either the inductance or capacitanceReactance of either the inductance or capacitance divided by the resistance47.3 kHz31.4 kHzgInternal voltages and circulating currents increase3.56 MHzLower losses7.12 MHz?Matching bandwidth is decreased#One time constant)The sign is reversed220 secondsThe magnitude of the susceptance is the reciprocal of the magnitude of the reactance1The inverse of reactancec14.0 degrees with the voltage lagging the current_14 degrees with the voltage lagging the currentGCurrent leads voltage by 90 degreesGVoltage leads current by 90 degrees_14 degrees with the voltage leading the current1The inverse of impedanceBjX9By phase angle and amplitude-A positive phase angle-A negative phase anglePhasor diagram}50 ohms resistance in series with 25 ohms capacitive reactanceoA quantity with both magnitude and an angular component#Polar coordinates'Resistive component%Reactive componentyThe coordinate values along the horizontal and vertical axesKIt is equivalent to a pure resistance/Rectangular coordinatesPoint 4Point 3Point 1Point 8As frequency increases, RF current flows in a thinner layer of the conductor, closer to the surfaceKTo avoid unwanted inductive reactancePrecision printed circuit conductors above a ground plane that provide constant impedance interconnects at microwave frequenciesUTo reduce phase shift along the connectionInductance_In a direction determined by the left-hand rulegThe amount of current flowing through the conductor!Potential energyIt is repeatedly exchanged between the associated magnetic and electric fields, but is not dissipatedqBy multiplying the apparent power times the power factor0.580 watts100 Watts;Wattless, nonproductive power 0.707 0.866600 watts 355 W+In microwave circuits N-typeHoles in P-type material and electrons in the N-type material are separated by the applied voltage, widening the depletion region#Acceptor impurityThe change of collector current with respect to emitter currentyThe change in collector current with respect to base currentsBase-to-emitter voltage of approximately 0.6 to 0.7 volts-Alpha cutoff frequencyAn FET that exhibits a current flow between source and drain when no gate voltage is applied41To reduce the chance of the gate insulation being punctured by static discharges or excessive voltagesOComplementary Metal-Oxide SemiconductorAn FET has high input impedance; a bipolar transistor has low input impedance P-typeFree electrons'Gate, drain, sourcewA constant voltage drop under conditions of varying current3Less forward voltage drop TunnelVaractor diodeIA large region of intrinsic material=As a VHF/UHF mixer or detector=Excessive junction temperature9Metal-semiconductor junction#As an RF detector5/Forward DC bias currentAs an RF switchForward biaswTo prevent input noise from causing unstable output signalsOThe comparator changes its output statesLogic devices with 0, 1, and high impedance output statesmAbility to connect many device outputs to a common bus/Lower power consumptionThe input switching threshold is about one-half the power supply voltageA resistor connected to the positive or negative supply line used to establish a voltage when an input or output is an open circuit2A programmable collection of logic gates and circuits in a single integrated circuitAn integrated circuit logic family using both bipolar and CMOS transistorsIt has the high input impedance of CMOS and the low output impedance of bipolar transistorsComplex logic functions can be created in a single integrated circuit35 turns;Motional capacitance, motional inductance, and loss resistance in series, all in parallel with a shunt capacitor representing electrode and stray capacitanceMechanical deformation of material by the application of a voltage#Ferrite and brassFerrite toroids generally require fewer turns to produce a given inductance valuePermeability[From less than 20 Hz to approximately 300 MHzPowdered-iron cores generally maintain their characteristics at higher currentsFerrite beadsToroidal cores confine most of the magnetic field within the core material43 turnsThe ability of the inductors core to store magnetic energy has been exceeded-Inter-turn capacitance Brass'Magnetizing current#Snubber capacitorKHarmonics and distortion could resultIt samples an analog signal and passes it in stages from the input to the outputDIPGallium nitride50 ohms 2 dBControlled gain, low noise figure, and constant input and output impedance over the specified frequency range/Microstrip constructionThrough a resistor and/or RF choke connected to the amplifier output leadSurface mountA total of two rows of connecting pins placed on opposite sides of the package (Dual In-line Package)5Better dissipation of heatuThe increased conductivity of an illuminated semiconductorIt increases9An LED and a phototransistorYThe conversion of light to electrical energyA device which detects rotation of a control by interrupting a light source with a patterned wheel7A crystalline semiconductorA device that uses semiconductors to implement the functions of an electromechanical relayOptoisolators provide a very high degree of electrical isolation between a control circuit and the circuit being switchedwThe relative fraction of light that is converted to currentSilicon 0.5 VElectronsA display utilizing a crystalline liquid and polarizing filters which becomes opaque when voltage is applied]They may be hard view through polarized lensesA flip-flopoIt produces one output pulse for every ten input pulses+Astable multivibratorIt switches momentarily to the opposite binary state and then returns to its original state after a set timeIt produces logic '0' at its output only when all inputs are logic '1'It produces logic '1' at its output if any or all inputs are logic '1'It produces logic '0' at its output if any single input is logic '1'A list of inputs and corresponding outputs for a digital devicePositive LogicNegative logic_More than 180 degrees but less than 360 degreesA type of amplifier that uses switching technology to achieve high efficiencyoA low-pass filter to remove switching signal componentsiApproximately half-way between saturation and cutoffsInstall parasitic suppressors and/or neutralize the stagePush-pullSSignal distortion and excessive bandwidthBy feeding a 180-degree out-of-phase portion of the output back to the inputThe tuning capacitor is adjusted for minimum plate current, and the loading capacitor is adjusted for maximum permissible plate currentFixed biasSelf biasCommon emitterEmitter loadThe power transistor is at saturation or cut off most of the time, resulting in low power dissipationSUse a resistor in series with the emitterATransmission of spurious signalsBecause they are relatively close in frequency to the desired signal'Low input impedanceUA capacitor is connected between the input and ground, another capacitor is connected between the output and ground, and an inductor is connected between input and output1It is a high-pass filter9Greater harmonic suppressionIt cancels the reactive part of the impedance and changes the resistive part to a desired value%A Chebyshev filterExtremely sharp cutoff with one or more notches in the stop bandA notch filtergThe relative frequencies of the individual crystalsWA variable bandwidth crystal lattice filterA cavity filterPi{A Pi-network with an additional series inductor on the outputThe Q of Pi-networks can be varied depending on the component values chosenDigitalA filter with narrow bandwidth and steep skirts made using quartz crystalsThe conduction of a control element is varied to maintain a constant output voltageThe controlled devices duty cycle is changed to produce a constant average output voltageA Zener diode%A series regulator#A shunt regulator{It increases the current-handling capability of the regulator3It bypasses hum around D11Linear voltage regulator]Prevention of battery damage due to overchargeThe high frequency inverter design uses much smaller transformers and filter components for an equivalent power outputPass transistorMinimum input-to-output voltage required to maintain regulationVoltage difference from input to output multiplied by output currentITo improve output voltage regulationeTo allow the filter capacitors to charge graduallyOA reactance modulator on the oscillatorTo produce PM signals by using an electrically variable inductance or capacitanceBy varying the tuning of an amplifier tank circuit to produce PM signalseBy using a balanced modulator followed by a filter-A pre-emphasis networkuFor compatibility with transmitters using phase modulationsThe frequency components present in the modulating signalThe two input frequencies along with their sum and difference frequenciesKSpurious mixer products are generatedYBy rectification and filtering of RF signals!Product detectorEA circuit for detecting FM signalsIncoming RF is digitized by an analog-to-digital converter without being mixed with a local oscillator signal%An adaptive filter5A Hilbert-transform filteriCombine signals with a quadrature phase relationshipAt twice the rate of the highest frequency component of the signal10 bitsConverting digital signals from the time domain to the frequency domainmReducing the effective sample rate by removing samplesIt removes high-frequency signal components which would otherwise be reproduced as lower frequency componentsSample rateaReference voltage level and sample width in bits-Fast Fourier TransformoProvide incremental signal delays for filter algorithmsMore tapsFIR filters delay all frequency components of the signal by the same amountInterpolate by a factor of three, then decimate by a factor of four/In-phase and QuadratureVery loweUndesired oscillations added to the desired signalVery highThe differential input voltage needed to bring the open loop output voltage to zero1Restrict both gain and QAAs an audio filter in a receiver47?It does not vary with frequency-2.3 volts3814A high-gain, direct-coupled differential amplifier with very high input impedance and very low output impedance9Colpitts, Hartley and PiercewChanges in oscillator frequency due to mechanical vibration+Through a tapped coil9Through a capacitive divider1Through a quartz crystal)Colpitts and HartleyMechanically isolating the oscillator circuitry from its enclosureNP0 capacitors9A direct digital synthesizermThe amplitude values that represent a sine-wave outputQSpurious signals at discrete frequenciessProvide the crystal with a specified parallel capacitanceAn electronic servo loop consisting of a phase detector, a low-pass filter, a voltage-controlled oscillator, and a stable reference oscillatorIFrequency synthesis, FM demodulation!Fourier analysisA sawtooth waveA small amount of noise added to the input signal to allow more precise representation of a signal over timegBy measuring the heating effect in a known resistor2.5 to 1YThe characteristics of the modulating signaleVery high speed allows digitizing high frequencies256Remove harmonics from the output caused by the discrete analog levels generatedDigital signals can be regenerated multiple times without error'Sequential sampling!Modulation index]It does not depend on the RF carrier frequency 1.67 2.141High speed digital modesA digital modulation technique using subcarriers at frequencies chosen to avoid intersymbol interferenceThe ratio of the maximum carrier frequency deviation to the highest audio modulating frequencyTwo or more information streams are merged into a baseband, which then modulates the transmitterTwo or more signals are arranged to share discrete time slots of a data transmissionBy transmitting extra data that may be used to detect and correct transmission errorsThe rate at which the waveform of a transmitted signal changes to convey informationThis results in the least possible transmitted bandwidth for the particular mode;Use of sinusoidal data pulses'Approximately 52 Hz0.5 kHz15.36 kHzkIf errors are detected, a retransmission is requestedGray code=It facilitates error detection#They are the sameSignals not using the spread spectrum algorithm are suppressed in the receiverDirect sequence The frequency of the transmitted signal is changed very rapidly according to a particular sequence also used by the receiving station9The generation of key clicksYIncrease keying waveform rise and fall times#Strong ALC action?Excessive transmit audio levelsAIntermodulation Distortion (IMD) -30 dB5Baudot uses 5 data bits per character, ASCII uses 7 or 8; Baudot uses 2 characters as letters/figures shift codes, ASCII has no letters/figures shift codesIt is possible to transmit both upper and lower case textISome types of errors can be detecteduA theoretical antenna used as a reference for antenna gain#Isotropic antennaTo match impedances in order to minimize standing wave ratio on the transmission lineAntenna height, conductor length/diameter ratio and location of nearby conductive objectsURadiation resistance plus ohmic resistanceThe ratio of the radiated signal strength of an antenna in the direction of maximum radiation to that of a reference antennaThe frequency range over which an antenna satisfies a performance requirementq(radiation resistance / total resistance) x 100 per cent9Install a good radial system#Soil conductivity3.85 dB9.85 dBThe value of a resistance that would dissipate the same amount of power as that radiated from an antenna286 watts317 watts252 watts1Effective radiated power50 degrees 18 dB 14 dBUThe gain may change depending on frequencyElevation7.5 degreesNote the two points where the signal strength of the antenna is 3 dB less than maximum and compute the angular difference#Method of MomentsA wire is modeled as a series of segments, each having a uniform value of currenteThe computed feed point impedance may be incorrectThe region where the shape of the antenna pattern is independent of distance=Numerical Electromagnetic Code 28 dB_A figure-8 oriented along the axis of the arrayCardioid[A Figure-8 broadside to the axis of the arraycThe lobes align more in the direction of the wireA dipole feed approximately 1/3 the way from one end with a 4:1 balun to provide multiband operationIt changes the radiation pattern from bidirectional to unidirectional300 ohmsA dipole consisting of one wavelength of wire forming a very thin loopA multi-band dipole antenna fed with coax and a balun through a selected length of open wire transmission line3An end fed dipole antennaCThe low-angle radiation increasesA center fed 1.25 wavelength antenna (two 5/8 wave elements in phase)=It reduces low-angle radiationThe main lobe takeoff angle decreases in the downhill directionyThe main lobe takeoff angle decreases with increasing height-Gain increases by 6 dBArrange two Yagis perpendicular to each other with the driven elements at the same point on the boom fed 90 degrees out of phaseQNear the center of the vertical radiator%To minimize losses5It might radiate harmonicsIt is decreased;Improved radiation efficiency/SWR bandwidth decreases=To cancel capacitive reactanceThe radiation resistance decreases and the capacitive reactance increases1A wide flat copper strapAn electrically short connection to 3 or 4 interconnected ground rods driven into the EarthCThe front-to-back ratio decreases3The delta matching systemThe gamma matchThe stub matchsTo cancel the inductive reactance of the matching network_The driven element reactance must be capacitive!A shunt inductor-Reflection coefficient/An SWR greater than 1:1Gamma matchInsert a 1/4-wavelength piece of 75 ohm coaxial cable transmission line in series between the antenna terminals and the 50 ohm feed cableSUse the universal stub matching techniqueIt ensures that each driven element operates in concert with the others to create the desired antenna patternIt is used to divide power equally between two 50 ohm loads while maintaining 50 ohm input impedanceThe velocity of the wave in the transmission line divided by the velocity of light in a vacuumKDielectric materials used in the lineElectrical signals move more slowly in a coaxial cable than in air 0.663.5 meters10 metersLower lossVelocity factor6.9 meters-An inductive reactance-A capacitive reactance%Very low impedance'Very high impedanceEImpedance along transmission linesKResistance circles and reactance arcs]Impedance and SWR values in transmission lines1Resistance and reactanceSmith chartReactance axis'The resistance axisyReassigning impedance values with regard to the prime center7Standing wave ratio circles=Points with constant reactanceoIn fractions of transmission line electrical wavelengthSIt should be one or more wavelengths longAtmospheric noise is so high that gain over a dipole is not importantIt is electro statically balanced against ground, giving better nulls=It has a bidirectional patternAntenna headings from several different receiving locations are used to locate the signal sourceIt prevents receiver overload which could make it difficult to determine peaks or nullsIt modifies the pattern of a DF antenna array to provide a null in one directionOne or more turns of wire wound in the shape of a large open coilBy increasing either the number of wire turns in the loop or the area of the loop structure or both1A very sharp single null)Lightning protectionMake sure signals from your station are less than the uncontrolled MPE limitsUse an antenna modeling program to calculate field strength at accessible locationsEach transmitter that produces 5 percent or more of its MPE limit at accessible locationsThe high gain antennas commonly used can result in high exposure levelsIOnly with a carbon monoxide detectorgThe rate at which RF energy is absorbed by the bodyBeryllium Oxide3Polychlorinated BiphenylsLocalized heating of the body from RF exposure in excess of the MPE limits5SOFTWARE\Radio_test_screen speed)Microsoft Sans Serif label1Study Guide label2WWW.RANDL.COMokButtonOKcancelButton CanceltextBox1 label3Seconds label4 Speed label5/Question Display TimingSettingsForm)ScreenSaver Settings Arial#Extra Study GuidetextLabeltextLabel2textLabel1ScreenSaverForm Form1/c/poSorry, but the expected window handle was not provided.ScreenSaver/sMSorry, but the command line argument "" is not valid.AScreenSaver.Properties.Resources9@3nLM       E   E E  ]] ]        i              qq    q] q   i M      I %)   15 9 9==z\V4?_ :MQUYeim  aq  u y  TWrapNonExceptionThrowsStudy Guide Screen Saver Extra ClassR and L ElectronicsStudy Guide ScreensaverCopyright © 2016)$b05a44d5-ef0f-4004-9ab2-894af28dc7d6 1.0.2.5e).NETFramework,Version=v4.0,Profile=ClientTFrameworkDisplayName.NET Framework 4 Client 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